PRM 447 Research & Evaluation in PRM - Test 1 - Chapters 1-4

Charles Hammersley, Ph.D.

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  1. Which ONE of the following is NOT a main function that facilitates dialogue and decision-making?

    2. Your answer:
    Hire a consultant to conduct research on the problem or oppotrtunity.
    Recognition that a problem or an opportunity for improvement of services exists.
    The collection and synthesis of information.
    Generation of alternatives to address the problem or opportunity.

  2. All of the items below offer reasons why scientific inquiry is not followed in the recognition of leisure service deleivery problems, EXCEPT.

    3. Your answer:
    Current political climate not conducive.
    Budget constraints.
    Lack of expertise on the leisure service staff.
    Long term planning opportunities.

  3. Which ONE of the following is NOT a characteristic of research?

    4. Your answer:
    It is reductive
    It is replicable
    It is illogical
    It is empirical

  4. A statement about the relationship between constructs, is a definition for:

    5. Your answer:
    research propositions
    theory
    research hypothesis
    research problem

  5. Determining the worth of program services based on an analysis of systematically collected data, is a definition for:

    6. Your answer:
    hypothesis
    construct
    theory
    evaluation

  6. A research study to determine why there has been a decline in participation for adult sports in a specific city park and recreation department would be an example of:

    7. Your answer:
    evaluative research
    basic research
    program research
    applied research

  7. The last step in the research process is:

    8. Your answer:
    Conduct Data Analysis, and Report Findings and Results
    Discuss Implications or the Findings, make Recommendations, and Generalize Results
    Choose Subjects, Conduct the Study, and Collect the Data
    Review and Analysis of Relevant Literature and other Studies

  8. The "Interpretive Method" is another name for:

    9. Your answer:
    operational method
    instumentation method
    deductive model
    inductive model

  9. The hypothesis that states "no relationship or difference" is called the _____ hypothesis:

    10. Your answer:
    frequency
    operationalization
    positive
    null

  10. Problems associated with replication of research findings (in laboratory settings) in the field, is the definiton for:

    11. Your answer:
    duplicative
    replicative
    artificiality
    gravity

  11. The most common form of data collection in the park, recreation and leisure service field is:

    12. Your answer:
    ethnographies
    surveys
    observations
    experiments

  12. Qualitative data collection methods include all of the following EXCEPT:

    13. Your answer:
    ethnographies
    case studies
    quasi-experimental
    phenomenological studies

  13. Quantitative methodological emphasis in research was established by all of the following individuals EXCEPT:

    14. Your answer:
    Durkheim
    Smith
    Locke
    Comte

  14. Research that views reality as objective, as something that can be measured and is separate from the researcher, is a definition for ______ research:

    15. Your answer:
    qualitative
    quantitative
    empirical
    rational

  15. The mode of analysis for Qualitative research is:

    16. Your answer:
    deductive
    inductive
    operant
    subductive

  16. A "paradigm" is a:

    17. Your answer:
    hypothesis
    theory
    research design
    model

  17. All of the following are data gathering methods for survey research EXCEPT:

    18. Your answer:
    mail out questionnaires
    face-to-face interviews
    telephone interviews
    group administered surveys

  18. A one-time "snapshot" used to measure some characteristic of the population is what type of survey design?

    19. Your answer:
    cross-sectional
    longitudinal
    before and after studies
    trend analysis

  19. If you were asked to participate in a marketing interview and the interview had no standardized schedule of questions and the topics changed several times, what type of interview was it?

    20. Your answer:
    unstructured
    unscheduled
    scheduled
    structured

  20. When conducting interviews, researchers should randomize all of the following EXCEPT:

    21. Your answer:
    questionnaire
    place
    time
    day

  21. The ingredients of a successful "introduction" for an interview should include all of the following EXCEPT:

    22. Your answer:
    researchers professional background
    affirmation regarding confidenitality
    a descritpion of how the respondents were selected
    statement about the purpose of the study

  22. The two criteria for evaluating the validiity of an experimental design are:

    23. Your answer:
    secondary & construct
    internal & external
    internal & secondary
    external & construct

  23. The loss (from refusal or inability to continue) of subjects from groups being studied, is the definition of:

    24. Your answer:
    maturation error
    selection bias
    mortality
    history

  24. The three principles of of "true design" include all of the following EXCEPT:

    25. Your answer:
    the researcher has control or can predict and evaluate the experimental treatment.
    at least three groups or conditions are compared.
    subjects are randomly assigned to treatment groups.
    at least two groups or conditions are compared.

  25. What type of research design was used in this study?

    26. Links to reference material:
    Whitewater Rafting Study

    Your answer:
    pre-experimental
    true design
    ex post facto
    quasi experimental

  26. Which ONE of the following is NOT in the NGT procedure?

    27. Your answer:
    Finally, members vote to select priority ideas.
    As a group, participants use a majority vote to consolidate ideas into a list
    A facilitator gives each participant an opportunity to state his/her ideas ( one item per person at a time).
    Members of the group identify their individual ideas in writing, without any group discussion

  27. A group technique that requires a sequence of questionnaires and feedback reports to a group of individuals, is the definition for:

    28. Your answer:
    focus group
    NGT
    Cognitive mapping
    delphi

  28. According to your text, the preferred size of a focus group is:

    29. Your answer:
    6-9
    8-12
    4-6
    8-10

  29. A research technique that identifies a spatial map of the currrent recreation use; the most significant recreation resources: and the approximate number of visitations to these areas, is:

    30. Your answer:
    observations
    focus groups
    delphi method
    behavioral/cognitive mapping

  30. Which ONE of the following is NOT considered a secondary data source?

    31. Your answer:
    survey
    books
    diaries
    U.S. Census

  31. In a research study on youth soccer, using two similar soccer teams, giving one team a fitness program and nothing different for the second team. The fitness program would be called the:

    32. Your answer:
    independent variable
    control variable
    construct
    dependent variable

  32. From the previous question, measuring the two teams win-lose record would be considered a:

    33. Your answer:
    independent variable
    construct
    control variable
    dependent variable

  33. If you had a study that compared hiking in the Grand Canyon to hiking in Yosemite using responses of easier - no difference - harder. The scale would be:

    34. Your answer:
    ordinal
    interval
    ratio
    nominal

  34. Validity that relies upon the subjective judgement of the researcher, would be considered what type of validity?

    35. Your answer:
    criterion
    content
    face
    construct

  35. The ability to repeat or replicate the findings of a study is the definition for:

    36. Your answer:
    validity
    artificiality
    equitability
    reliability

  36. Which ONE of the following is NOT a confounding effect on internal validity?

    37. Your answer:
    interaction
    statistical regression
    maturation
    diffusionof treatment

  37. Using a 6th grade class as subjects, giving them a pre-test then a specific lesson plan on desert environments, and then giving them a post test, describes what type of research design?

    38. Your answer:
    one-group pretest/post-test
    single subject
    one-group post-test only design
    nonequivalent pretest-post test control

  38. Group A - X T2 Group B - T2 What type of research design is shown above?

    39. Your answer:
    nonequivalent pretest-post test control
    single subject
    randomized control group post test only
    randomizedpretest-post test control group

  39. A design method that investigates cause-and-effect relationships by exposing one or more experimental groups to one or more treatment conditions and comparing the results to one or more control groups not receiving the treatment, is a called:

    40. Your answer:
    valid experimental
    quasi experimental
    ex post facto
    true experimental

  40. A study that uses two rafting groups to determine the effect type of raft (paddle raft or oar rig) on participant satisfaction which includes a pretest, treatment and post test would use the following notation:

    41. Your answer:
    T1 T1 T3 X T4 T5 T6
    T1 X T2
    A T1 X T2; B T1 T2
    X T2

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