I. Introduction

II. The Evolution of Reform From the 1870s to the 1890s

Reform as a strategy of "Restoration" (Vohra, p. 55)

"Self-Strengthening" Reforms: What does "Self" mean? (pp. 67-76)

"Foreign Things": China and the West in reform (pp. 56-57)
 

Background to Radical Reformism: Ideas, cultural iconoclasm, and social change (pp. 58-64)

The Sino-Japanese War (pp. 64-67)

"Scramble For Concessions" (pp. 80-82)

The characteristics of radical reformism (pp. 77-78, 82-88)

IV. Conservative Backlash Against Radical Reformism

The Manchu state resumes control (pp. 88-89, 94-95)

The Boxer Uprising and its aftermath (pp. 89-94)

Constitutionalists vs. Revolutionaries (pp. 97-104)

V. Changes in Chinese Society from the 1860's

"Visible" modernization: "Physical" changes and styles and manners

Ideas and cultures from the West (pp.56-59, 70-75, 94)

Social relations: The family and beyond

Education (pp. 56-57, 77-78, 82-83, 96-97)

VI. Conclusions

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Names and Terms:

Yangwu yundong (Campaign [to develop or obtain] Foreign Things)

Zhongxue wei ti, xixue wei yong (note: "xue" roughly pronounced as "sher" with the "r" silent) (Chinese knowledge for substance, Western knowledge for utility), see Vohra, p. 89

Empress Dowager Cixi (roughly pronounced as "Chee-shee")

Zhang Zhidong

Kang Youwei

Liang Qichao (roughly pronounced as "Chi-chao")