1. Background to China ca. 1898

Defeats in Opium Wars.

Internal rebellions like the Taiping.

Lead the Manchu state to try and undertake reforms. "SELF STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT."

Lack of success is evidenced by defeat by smaller neighbor and former "tributary," Japan in 1895.


2. Colonialism in China.

Scramble for concessions: Equal opportunity exploitation!

FINANCE CAPITALISM and Colonialism in China.


Colonial Culture: Racism.

3. Nationalisms

State sponsored reformist nationalism: 100 Days Reforms

Anti-foreign sentiments: Boxers

Post-Boxer reforms: Education, Military, Constitutional, Economic

Cultural nationalism of intellectuals: LIANG QI-CHAO.

Popular Nationalist expressions: Hankow Boycott of 1905.

Political National Movements: SUN YAT SEN

4. 1911: A revolution from above.

KANG YOU WEI

EMPEROR GUANG XU

EMPRESS CI XI

YUAN SHI KAI

LIANG QI-CHAO.

SUN YAT SEN