Lesson7-3-1




	ESE502 : The Class : Discipline : Levels : Lesson7-3-1

Development Discipline - Level 1

Teacher - Exemplar and molder • respect • courtesy • scholarship • tidiness • patience • timeliness • cheerfulness • giving • sharing • leadership

Student - Reflector of modeling, Responsible for self
In the beginning, cooperate and learn for rewards offered then students mirroring out of love, respect, courtesy as time goes on, rewards become shared tributes, way of responding to life

Classroom
• friendly • efficient • quietly busy • healthy • uncluttered • person centered • structured and meaningful • respectful in content and presentation • individualized as needed to secure success

Curriculum
• interesting • unpressured but challenging • appropriate
• evaluated appropriately • entertaining • stimulating

SETTING
Level One in Developmental Discipline is the foundation and as such, approaches the child as an apprentice selecting tools for the practice of life in a democratic society. What an awesome task we parents and teachers of the very young have taken upon ourselves. We will show children the necessary tools, perhaps over and over and over again before they are taken up as life skills and the children become able to use them as their own. And as we do so, we too are reminded of our role in the preservation of the fragile freedoms inherent in a democracy.

Classroom Tools love | gentleness | sharing | courtesy | respect for self | respect for others | self esteem | self discipline | valuing others | valuing the dignity of life | self direction | scholarship | obedience | organization lstewardship | respect for authority | cleanliness & tidiness | truthfulness | honesty to & about self | honesty with others | SSSSSSSSSS initiative

Let’s Begin!
Everyone in this classroom is important and so we shall have a Board of Honor which says so every moment of the day. The board is at the center of the room. It is constructed in such a way that name cards can be inserted and removed easily and efficiently. [The size of the name card varies but may be an index card or a chart card; a picture of the child can be attached. It is also most effective if the card is laminated since the children like to handle them].

The name on the board represents this person as a respected member of the classroom society. If the person represented by that name is inappropriate (disrespects the classroom rules) then it becomes the offender’s role to remove the name from the Board. [The teacher never removes a child’s card or verbally comments on the child’s inability or unwillingness to remove a name. After all, it is no secret to anyone - least of all the child who has intentionally broken the rule]. This is the ‘foundation’ tool --- that each of us is responsible for our own behavior, not only as to its recognition but also it’s consequences.

++ The teacher never removes the card, shows any disrespect to the child who has broken the rule or gives any indication of a punitive attitude. This is never to be used as a punishment or a punitive gesture! If the child becomes involved in a power struggle over taking down the card, the teacher ignores the issue and proceeds with the class activities. If the child cries, the teacher determines if the youth sees this as humiliation, or isn’t developmentally ready to sublimate personal needs for the good of community building. A child who is not ready for the honor board can be given an individual honor board at the desk or a personalized program to enhance social and emotional growth. Every action in the classroom needs to build children, and no act should ever belittle or damage a child.++ The next item in the classroom practice of the Level One Foundation Program is ‘Consequence’. Consequences are determined by our choices and so our next tool is choice. We must give the student the “power” of choice and thus the responsibility of consequence. This is realized in the Primary Classroom through a list of Rules (appropriate actions) which we decide are necessary to maintain the developmental classroom. The rules need to be posted so that they are easy to see, review and recall. An example of such classroom rules might be:

Respect one another
Do your best
Maintain a working atmosphere

In order for the child to make a choice we teach the consequences which follow obeying the rules. It is an excellent idea to post these near the classroom rules. An example of the consequences which follow obeying the rules might be:

Name on the Honor Board
Game Center availability
Rewards and privileges
Classroom responsibilities

Simply posting these rules and consequences is not a magic formula. The rules, procedures and practices will be introduced, practiced, drilled, and reviewed so that youngsters have a sense of safety and the comfort of ritual while in the classroom.
An example of the Negative consequences could read as follows:

Name off the Honor Board
Classroom privileges suspended
Rewards suspended
Restitution made to those offended or hurt

These lists are part of the materials for the Developmental Discipline program. They can be written on posters, laminated and then displayed in the classroom where they are visible to the students. As the year progresses, some of the rules and consequences may change. Students may want to make suggestions and personalize them.

At the beginning of each day or even each half day or hour, depending upon the need of the child for shorter or longer time expanses for working toward self control, the child may return the name to the appropriate place on the Board of Honor.

The process tools for helping the child make use of these components are in the hands of the teacher and must be presented to the child . . . gently . . . . clearly . . . . justly . . . . . consistently . . . and lovingly.

Some children will accept the tools and begin to practice their use immediately, some will offer reluctance and some will display absolute refusal. We must consistently pick up the tools and over and over again place them into the hands of the reluctant and refusing child while we consistently reward the children who accept the tools and are using them to good advantage. [The Honor Board does this along with praise and intermittent materialistic offerings.]

It is important that we agree to the initial thorough instruction of these components so each child in the classroom is so well versed in their use that when the family or a friend comes to the classroom the classroom student could explain to them about the Honor Board, the Rules and Consequences.

Open House would be a fine time for this very thing to happen.

- - -

Do we have consensus?
Do we have a mutual understanding of these tools and the way to use them?

Are creative ideas generating?
This might be a good time to look at the illustration of the Honor Board and decide how you will create it for your classroom.

Once the thorough learning has been accomplished by teaching, drill, review, modeling and consistent use, then the components become the machinery that runs the classroom, not an external part of the total program, but the very heartbeat of every classroom moment. This is not a challenging feat. It is a natural result as we stand back, allow the children to make choices, allow them to live through the resulting consequences (teach them grace in defeat and joy in victory) and gently and consistently replace the tools into their hands. Once we have the self realization of the importance of honing the students to be capable and self responsible learners we can teach the children that math or replacing a library book or sharing with a friend are of equal importance since each is a step in the developmental stages of becoming the best we can be - because we are proclaiming to ourselves and others that we are Honor Students and there is MY name on THAT BOARD of HONOR to prove it.

Routine is an invaluable tool in a smoothly running self disciplined classroom. Although there are only a few rules in a classroom, there is a need for many routines. The routine makes a series of actions into a pattern that becomes second nature. When one first teaches a routine or a drill, it is time consuming and exacting work. Once the drill has become second nature, it frees up the children and the teacher to think of other matters and to take much of the repetitive parts of the day for granted. In addition, these routines give a sense of continuity, flow and safety to the classroom. The train illustration reviews the key components and steps for successful teaching and use of drills.

Level One sets up the classroom in such a fashion that it is a place of safety, security, structure and freedom within the confines of that structure. The teacher, as the guardian of the well-being of each student, creates the structure and consistently and gently nudges anyone straying outside the limits. The purpose of the structure must always serve the purpose of maintaining the peace of the social system, in this case the classroom, and the well-being of each student.

So study is a “quiet” time not only to secure my rights to peace, but my neighbors’ rights as well. Attentive listening helps me to learn and also does away with distracting disturbances for my neighbors. It allows the teacher to perform the obligation and joy of teaching. The rules of the classroom serve the purpose for which the classroom exists. Sometimes it is a challenge for the teacher to balance the needs and desires of the classroom. It is a tremendous responsibility for the teacher to help youngsters think about others, when many have little recognition of the existence of others, let alone understanding of others needs. In such instances it is still important to help the student give deference to others. It becomes a challenge, at times, for the teacher to convince a student that the rules are necessary for personal well-being. The teaching is crucial, however. These are the building blocks of respect for self. These are the elements for building successful relationships. This is the medium which fosters a healthy society, enables a country to remain a democracy.

Role of the Teacher

The following excerpt captures the fundamental keys which are important for the role of teacher, not only in Level One, but in any classroom where developing young people is the real concern.

The teacher who works with children in the first year of school experience provides more direction and drill than will be necessary in ensuing years. It is an important assist to children to know what to expect, to know that the school is a secure and loving environment and that they must successful learn only one set of rules and procedures. Safety and security needs are paramount. So too, is the need to recognize the sanctity of the teacher-child relationship. Once a child has learned that a teacher can be trusted and is an authentic presence, the ability to try, to risk a best effort, is naturally enhanced. As the child’s trust grows, so does the ability to learn, to think and to question.

Children have a strong work ethic by the time they enter school. They have learned a language, including the innate structure and grammatical rules. They have developed control over their own bodies, toileting, large muscle control, walking, running, skipping, even riding a a bike and playing games.

The teacher extends that work ethic to new tasks and accomplishments. As Isaac Asimov noted in one of his novels, the ability to motivate the child, to call forth the work ethic, comes in recognizing that work and play should feel much the same. Teachers who are able to motivate children to produce great learning efforts utilize recognition of the difference between meaningful tasks and drudgery. They understand the importance of empowering the student to produce the work and personally monitor progress. Such a teacher extends freedom to learn, provides choices of ways to accomplish and show learning and confirmation of progress.

There is also an understanding of the child’s nature. The teacher assists each child to gain self control, moves in to guide the child when self discipline wavers or disappears. The teacher is aware of the student’s limited ability to see or understand the needs of others, to be fully enmeshed in recognizing a social conscience. Social skills, manners, kindness are modeled and valued. Emerging awareness of others and attention to the needs of others is highlighted, emphasized and rewarded.

The Developmental Discipline Day
As we walk through a day in the Developmental Discipline Primary Classroom we will apply the rules, the skills and the routines as an integral part of the academic content and they will work together to create harmony.

Entering the classroom

Each child comes prepared in an individual way to approach a day in school. Some will come lovingly with care and fastidiousness, some will come appropriately and objectively, some coldly and forceful and some angrily and even cruelly. Thus the school bell rings and each child approaches the classroom with the varied emotions which are a part of that day in the child’s life. How do children approach the classroom door? If they have been taught and have practiced a gentle quiet routine, for the most part, regardless of emotions, they will automatically fall into the routine.

In the meanwhile, we have been preparing the classroom for a happy and productive day. Lessons are already prepared and immediate opportunities for occupation are ready on each desk. Every child has been anticipated and can readily perceive that fact. We greet the children at the door with joy, love and expectation, and as much as possible, the feelings of fear, anger, frustration are left outside. The children enter the classroom and as practiced, they know where to deposit personal belongings and exactly how to proceed into the unfolding day. Now, as each child begins an independent task, we take the time for meeting each student one to one.

One to One starts the day

This is one effective method I have seen practiced. The teacher has the students place all pencils which need sharpening in a wooden holder on the desk. The holder this teacher used was a 2x4 scrap block about eight inches long. Holes had been drilled in the blocks for eight or nine pencils or crayons. The teacher went from desk to desk with an automatic sharpener and while sharpening the pencils the child wishes to have for the day, the teacher and child have a momentary chat. Of course during this time, the students are working at their first assignments. The Honor Board is prominent, silently praising and reminding from the center front. We typically refer to the students as Honor Students and we allow the students to take responsibility for doing their work and maintaining responsibility for their own actions. And not incidentally, we refer to ourselves, by both verbalization and example as “Honor Teacher.”

This might be a good time to make a note of one or two practices that would fit into the day naturally and accomplish the same kind of one to one sense in the classroom.

Radiate Warmth and Organization

As the teacher attends to the necessary A.M.. demands (attendance, lunch count, opening exercises, the pledge, there is a constant modeling of warmth and courtesy - “please,” “how thoughtful,” “thank you,” excuse me,” etc. Is this expression of warmth and courtesy an expression of Developmental Discipline? Yes, it is. It is the systemic heart-beat of all our classroom activities. It flows naturally as we allow ourselves and allow our students to care and to show their humanity. It is the beginning of a mutual regard which we want to develop into a love and respect that all students will carry with them into their world beyond the classroom.

The classroom moves, students activate its movement as the teacher has previously orchestrated it, through instruction, modeling and practice. Always the movement is filled with a warm, courteous, self responsible atmosphere built around recognition offered by the Honor Board. Expectations are related to the students and constantly reinforced as the teacher instructs and guides the class through each lesson and routine while the students themselves “take charge” of the various activities because they are “Honor Students.” Much of the orchestration of movement within the classroom can be conducted by the teacher through previously taught gestures or single words. A student who needs to be reminded of an expectation can be prompted by a look or a gesture. If this does not prove to be sufficient, then the student is directed by a hand movement to remove (or turn over the card to the blank side) his or her name from the Honor Board. From this time until the end of the day the student is not displayed as a participant of the Honor System of rewards and privileges, but is always a part of the warmth and respect that characterizes Developmental Discipline.

The Honor Board

There may be an occasion when the child knows it is appropriate to remove the name card and instead, resists. Many motives may be a part of that hesitation. The loving teacher does not press the issue or call attention to the child. A power struggle will not help the child or the class. Allowing the child to manipulate by calling attention to themselves through crying or demanding different treatment will not serve to enhance a feeling of peace. Rushing up and removing the child’s name will do nothing to promote a sense of dignity. Punishment of the child will inevitably result in a backlash or a passive aggressive stance. The important message of the child’s resistance to the social order has already been given. The alert to the child that a lack of self control has been shown is very clear. . More than this is counterproductive.

Some teachers may be asking about the rest of the day. If a child takes the name down at 10:00 a.m., what will prevent mayhem and ugliness for the rest of the day? If the teacher is working with the child to build a relationship and to establish a sense of mutual dignity and respect, the opposite occurs. Once a primary child feels that an adult of importance has been disappointed, there is an effort to show that this was a singular incident rather than a pattern. The child has lost the prominence of their name on display, but there is no need for a loss of face. The teacher and student continue to interact and the teacher continues to display love to the being of the child. The child can and does recognize that something wrong was done, but nothing destroys the sense of well being. The child completes the day having lost access to some of the privileges and rewards of the classroom, but this is the natural consequence of losing self control. The child knows that there will be a chance to have the name on the HONOR BOARD the very next day and to show more self discipline.

Developmental Discipline in the Classroom

Discipline is taught. Here's how to go about it.
These steps help to establish the Democratic setting-
and give you freedom to teach along with giving the students
freedom to learn.

Self discipline must be taught to preschool and primary age children. Self discipline consists of a series of skills and modeled behaviors which young children enjoy learning. These skills are essential for students to possess in order to be free to learn.

Ability to treat others with respect
Ability to listen
Ability to follow instructions
Ability to question when in doubt
Ability to share time, space, people, things
Ability to use basic social skills
Ability to care for materials (basic stewardship)

List and post the skills as basic rules

Respect one another
Follow listening techniques
Take care of personal and classroom materials

List and post consequences for practicing the rules

Name on the Honor Board
Participate in classroom privileges
Participate in rewards for Honor Students
Certificates of honor

List and post consequences for choosing to break the rules

Remove own name from Honor Board
Loss of Honor Student privileges, and rewards
When persistent in misbehavior, self report to parents
To assist in regaining self-discipline, isolation of work area

Prepare and position Honor Board and display student names

Dialogue: Introducing Developmental Discipline to Students

This is a recommended format for introducing the program. Feel free to add to it or change it to make the introduction your own. The important thing is to outline the total program for the students, to be positive and excited about the program and Honor Board and to repeat these statements frequently throughout the year.

“Every student in this classroom is here to learn. That is your job. I am here to teach. We have a program to help each of us to do our job. The rules help you to learn and to be happy. The rules help me to teach you.

We don't want to be cheated. Don't cheat yourself and don't cheat each other. Do your best. I won't cheat myself and I won't cheat you. I'll teach my best.

You are an honor student. I am an Honor Teacher. This is our classroom and this is our program. We will be practicing this program every day until we know it very well. You will really love school like this!

Rule #1 is "RESPECT ONE ANOTHER". It means that we will learn and practice all the things we can do to help ourselves and one another to be kinder, gentler people so we can do our very best at school to learn and teach. Being respectful helps us to be self responsible and self disciplined human beings who can work with one another in our classroom family, and in our school community.
Rule #2 is "SHARE". All of our work materials and our toys are classroom items. This means we share them. In order to respect others, we must not be selfish about the use of things. This means that sometimes we must wait for what we want or use things together with others. We all have to take turns talking, too. It is nice to know that others are listening to us. We can have a turn to let others listen and we must give others a turn to talk.
Rule #3 is "DO YOUR BEST". There are so many wonderful and exciting things in our classroom for our use. There is so much to learn! We have books, pencils, desks, art supplies, music, toys, centers, and so many wonderful things. Some of us will find reading easy, some of us will find art is our favorite time. We will learn how to respect each person’s gifts. We may need help from some of our neighbors when we do something hard, and we will help others. No one will be able to do things right all the time, but we can try.

When we follow these rules we are Honor Students. We are helping the classroom to be a happy place. When you are an Honor Student your name will be on the Honor Board. Everyone has their name up there right now. If you do your best, and I will help you, then you can keep your name on the Honor Board. This classroom is set up for Honor Students to have lots of privileges and rewards.

The only way you can lose that freedom is if you hurt our classroom by breaking our rules. If you do, it will be because you made a choice to break a rule. Then you must say to yourself..."I broke the rule. I did not make a good choice. I must take my name off the Honor Board. I have cheated myself of the classroom privileges and rewards."

We will practice the rules many times so that you will know what to do and how to act. If you remove your name from the Honor Board you lose your status of Honor Student for the day, and you also lose your privileges and any rewards for the day. The very next morning, your name will be back on the Honor Board and you will have regained your privileges. You will have a new day and you will not want to cheat yourself again. You are learning to find ways to get your own needs met and still help others to feel important and special. That is how we build school community.

For the next two weeks we will practice the order and structure of the classroom. We will work hard at learning and remembering to respect one another. During that time I will remind you and we will practice the rules. After we all know the rules you will be responsible to keep the classroom order, to listen and learn and to respect yourself and all of us.

If you break the rule, you will need to take responsibility for cheating yourself. It will be difficult for you to remove your name from the Honor Board, but remember, the only time you need to lose your privileges is if you choose to break a rule.”

Day One: Begin the teaching of listening skills
Basic listening skills are vital to prepare the class to learn democratic practice.

Teacher gives a non-verbal signal (Example: finger on lips or hand cupped at ear)
Student immediately assumes listening position

At desks	Floor teaching area	Centers	Lined up
Feet on floor Empty hands on desk Turn off mouth Eyes on teacher Feedback	Cross legs Hands on lap Turn off mouth Eyes on teacher Feedback	Freeze activity Face teacher Fold hands Eyes on teacher Feedback	Space between students Arms folded Turn off mouth Eyes on teacher Feedback

The teacher gives the student these listening directions.
Then s/he models the sequence at each physical location.
Next the students are coached through directed practice.
The class performs role plays, and pantomimes, taking various positions including the teacher role (Want to feel humble? Listen to how the students see you and your behavior set).
The listening skills are practiced frequently and remain important through the year

Values Rule

At the Foundation level, “Respect One Another”is the value rule which is expanded throughout the year to cover the areas associated with peaceful social relationships in a democratic society. “Respect One Another” covers a broad range of social, emotional and moral behaviors. Week by week more areas are included as new practices are taught as part of practicing the value rule. Since the youngsters this age rarely reason above the pre-moral level, the focus of our energy will be teaching, modeling, and practicing appropriate actions.

The student is unable to listen and internalize lecture, so the Values Rules are best taught through story. The Fables are an excellent source for this purpose. They began as oral tradition, use animals as examples, can be understood at many levels of reasoning and are not preachy.

If there is a strong bond in the relationship between teacher and students, the work progresses more rapidly and becomes more deeply ingrained. We fondly recall “playing school” with younger children, and in retrospect, can remember how very much we sounded like the favorite teacher we had just left. The fables, short and appealing to children, will be a part of that scene.

The Primary students can be introduced to the Fables by integrating them into the instruction and flow of the day. Once the child knows the stories they can be used as a living part of the management system. Telling the fable, The goose and the golden egg,1 can serve as an example.

Day One: Begin the teaching of the Values Rule

The teacher gives the class the gift of this story:

Discussion:

Message:

This sad story is about all of us. Each time we destroy what we have through our selfish foolish actions we are just like this foolish owner. We have a family, a classroom of friends and a teacher who loves us. Each time we act in a selfish or greedy way we take a chance of destroying some of the gifts of that love.

We are all honor students. We will keep our names on the board and keep our privileges. We will respect one another and we will not be selfish or foolish. I’m sure none of us wants to be foolish or lose our privileges. This week, if I see you beginning to do something foolish, I will remind you by saying: “Melody, don’t kill the goose.” And you will remember and not make a foolish choice.

Activities:

Role play the story with a friend
Illustrate the story of the Goose that laid the golden egg
Practice telling a friend not to kill the goose

Developmental Discipline: Freedom to Learn

Portrait of the Student at Level One

The program for this level is based on recognizing and building
self-worth in each student as a "Being" and a "Doer".

The child's sense of right and wrong develops slowly. Even when a child has matured intellectually to the point of telling right from wrong to our satisfaction, it does not suggest that the child is emotionally ready to do right and avoid wrong. - Ilg and Ames

Where it will work

Where it won't work

Teacher believes in children
Teacher is willing to work hard
Teacher can allow students to share in the educational responsibilities
Children are instructed with kindness and are helped to build on personal desire for rigor and mastery, with acceptance of limitations
A Developmental Model is used to view dysfunction and remove blocks - this view occurs across all dimensions of the child, not just the cognitive area

Teacher has a punitive approach
Teacher seems to feel burned out and jaded
Teacher tries to hold the power and control
Teacher "rules" the classroom
Teacher views subject matter as primary and the students as secondary
Teachers are not concerned with individual student potential, strengths or weakness
Children don't learn because of externals and others (home, inner-city) can be blamed for failure to learn
Children should just listen & think to learn

Role of the child
The Primary school child is correctly busy at the business of sorting out ways to meet personal needs. The child is complex and like a precious jewel, intricately faceted. To see the child only as a learner or student is similar to looking at one facet of a jewel and missing the interplay of light and color. The child certainly does not approach school or day care in that manner. The wealth of the child and the surrounding world, fact and fantasy, comes in the door with the learner. To work effectively we will accept the holistic nature of the child.

The child is also in the midst of determining who should be in control. Hourly, there are issues raised about who is in charge, how time and energy will be spent and who must be served. The child's body is often the determining factor in what the child will do and how s/he can perform. Gaining control of self is difficult work.

Most children at this point are working to establish self control and will continue to work at self discipline for many years to come. Helping the child to feel capable of self discipline and choice slows down the number of tantrums and power struggles. The child is basically autonomous and we beckon the child to taste of the pleasures which come from awareness of others and making concessions which take others into account.

A tool for this is the PEPSI model. This is a mnemonic device for recalling the basic developmental areas of the child.

P		physical development - including health, small and large muscle control, intactness of the five sense and wealth of information the child's physical status provides
E		emotional development - including Erikson's descriptions of stages and interaction with self-esteem issues
P		philosophical and moral reasoning development
S		social development - interactions of environment and the child including family system, source of powerful messages and quality of interaction
I		intellectual and cognitive development

Physical

There are many tasks and developmental skills which are the province of the young child. The human being first develops gross motor skills and control of the body. It is later that refinement occurs and the child seeks to become adept at small motor skills. Typically the young child uses the body in broad strokes. It is unusual for the child to have an awareness that skills are developing. Instead, there is an intensity and drive to live fully in the body and to push the limits of physical ability at every turn. It is a simple matter to see the developmental stages in the physical domain if the child is healthy and normal. The healthy child takes on each stage of development with grand intensity and shows pride with every stride. The child who is ready to learn to hop or skip or swing works diligently. Bumps, bruises, missed cues, blisters, all are worthy of a momentary sniffle, but cannot daunt the child's headlong rush to achieve.

The same is true of body control. Although the interior warring about who is in charge and who is the boss sometimes spills over into the domain of toileting or clothing choices, most of the focus for the child comes in mounting increased self control and needing ever lessening guidance and assists from others. Children typically like to be in control of themselves. An early and often overused phrase is "Me do it!" There are many artificial demands which school settings may require of children. Many children talk non-stop and expect everyone to listen. It is a difficult transition to come to school and find that others do not listen and further, do not wish to have the child talk. Some children literally feel that their brains are not working if they are not talking, and some children truly learn best by verbalizing their thought processes.

Children are full of energy. It is difficult for them to sit still and there is little about their development which directs stillness. Physical awareness of being the boss of their hands, not touching, not hitting, not pushing, not wiggling must be brought to the child's attention if important in a setting. Because children are self aware rather than keyed into the feelings of others, it is difficult for them to think about sharing or waiting or not calling names. (These skills can be taught, of course, and it is important for children to learn to be socially adept.) Those who have siblings have already learned many of these things.

The first days of schooling for most children are physically challenging because there are so many new physical limits which are impinging. The child can learn to work within the physical limitations if they are reasonable and the child is given cues, helpful assists and the expectations for self discipline are built up over time and patiently practiced.

Emotional

The child of two and three needs to attach to a "parenting figure" and to continue to work through issues of being able to trust situations, finding ways to be safe, and having a sense of control over the environment. The child of four and five expands to include additional adults in a parenting or nurturing role and continues to develop a sense of trust in adults and mirrors that sense of trust in the ability to express the self and share self with others.

Although the child knows that the teacher is not the same as the parent, a rich and safe environment can often be distinguished by children who call the teacher "mama" or "daddy". Thus the role of the teacher for young children in care may be described as a nurturing parent figure . As the child develops self-reliance, self-control and a sense of safety the teacher's role becomes diversified. The child has a growing need to satisfy those in charge and thus gain approval for the "Doing" things.

If the child has been nurtured lovingly, the sense of well "being" is strong. The most important teaching role for such a child is to be firm, nurturing, provide a rich and consistent environment and assist the child in initial efforts to gain self control, to continue feeling the gratification of growing self control and avoid any use of punitive measures. It is essential to value the child's right to make errors and to remember that the child is thinking about actions using pre-moral thinking.

Philosophical

The pre-moral stage is the first level of moral reasoning or philosophical development. The child knows that certain things are "wrong" because of what will happen, but there is no real understanding of the "wrongness" of the act. To understand the child it is important to know what is getting in the way of being able to understand right and wrong.

Guilt and shame are natural responses for most children when they believe that they have displeased others or know that they have gotten caught doing something which is forbidden. Although they are powerful behavior shapers, if overdone a sense of guilt or shame leaves a lasting scar and robs a child of rich potential and creativity. Modeling and teaching appropriate behavior with gentle coaching will work better than pointing out a child's errors and weaknesses.

Asking a child "why" is also ineffective. Since the child is philosophically unable to be introspective, that is, to think about thinking, it is more important to spend time reminding a child of the reasons a behavior is not acceptable. Further time can best be spent showing the child alternatives, or expanding ideas about other choices the next time a temptation arises. Many times a child forgets.

Sometimes children want to have their own way and cannot understand why their way is not just as valid as an adult wish or demand. At times children become tired and lose control over impulses and self will. Children vary in the ability to sublimate needs and wishes, to control impulses, to see alternatives, to choose what will meet needs other than their own. Children who do wrong thing at this age should be assisted and nurtured, given clear expectations and helped to make good choices.

Social

Social messages have great meaning to all of us. At different stages, though, we may not listen to some of the messages with the same intensity that will come later. For the young child, messages from parents and from the teacher have the most meaning and impact. The adults who are closest to the child will have the most referent power. If a child believes that s/he is important and highly valued by adults, then the messages which are sent will have a great impact on the child. These early messages are deeply embedded and have a lot of power to shape the child.

A teacher who gives a child messages of high regard will be setting up the likelihood that the child will love school, look forward to learning and feel like the challenges of learning are exciting. The child who receives messages of low worthiness will be less likely to come to school, to feel motivated at challenging points in learning, unlikely to complete formal schooling.

Peers of the primary age child have less impact than significant adults. It is a powerful tool to be aware of the social referents of the child and to set a pattern of acceptance, warmth and regard during each stage of development. Some youngsters are more social than others. Some children seem to develop leadership skills early. Some children are inept in social situation and do not possess the natural charm or attractiveness to peers that other same age children may have. In the primary years much of this can be addressed in plain terms. We assume that many social skills are innate, and perhaps they are. At the same time, we know that many of the skills, perhaps even some of the charming behaviors, can be taught and learned. Since children are less concerned with peer pressure at this stage of development it is an excellent time to help children learn to deal with peer pressure, work at being socially adept and model socially responsible behaviors.]

Whenever we bring up the idea of helping students to acquire good social skills we have comments asking which skills we will choose, whose social strata will be valued, what proper character education should include. We have those who worry that teaching social skills will detract from academic skills and rob the child of high test scores. As we look at the natural areas of growth in children this age, it becomes more and more clear that the finest provinces for attention to acquisition of new tasks come in the areas of physical development, emotional development and social development. Time spent on task acquisition in these areas will promote the best set of interpersonal and relationship skills, meet the interests and natural abilities and give us the highest success rate with natural motivation.

Though the child is not ready to understand or practice democratic principles, this is an ideal time to develop a habit of teaching them to ask others about their wishes. It is entirely reasonable to explain how behavior has taken away another's choices. It is also an excellent point to begin explaining and showing them how their choices have limited their own freedoms and options.

Intellectual

In school settings we are often told that many of the children have little intensity about learning. When we see diminished interest in a child it is a clear signal that we are not involving the child in an appropriate set of tasks or that there have been enough failures that the child's natural strength and endurance have been damaged. Children have a tremendous ability to stay with tasks when they are satisfying a need and a drive. Task commitment is high for using the body in broad strokes and in ways which are appropriate to development.

Since most children of this age learn best by doing, it is important to have varied challenges, most of which are very didactic in nature. When children ask questions or seek to learn about things which are conceptual or theoretical, we certainly can assist them to make meaningful connections and to work within their areas of interest. The caution comes in working to involve an entire class of youngsters in materials which are not in concert with natural abilities or interests. Even then, a cursory perspective of numeration does no damage. It is in the pushing, testing and demanding evidence of understanding beyond the intellectual skills which makes curriculum choice damaging.

Whenever the question of appropriate learning material comes up, the story comes to mind of the kindergarten child who came home and asked his parents where he came from. The father cleared his throat, stammered around and went through a discussion of procreation. When the little boy seemed uninterested the father stopped. "Why did you want to know?" he asked his son. "Well," said the lad of five, "I just wondered, 'cause Charlie said he came from Chicago."

Once you have finished you should:

Go on to On-line Lesson 2
or
Go back to Levels

E-mail J'Anne Ellsworth at Janne.Ellsworth@nau.edu