Computing a Distance Matrix: Improving Cache Reuse Through Tiling the Computation

Introduction

In this exercise, we will examine exploiting locality/cache reuse by tiling main memory accesses.

Problem Description

The CPU uses a multi-level cache to reduce the number of (slow) accesses to main memory. When data is accessed in memory, it is stored in this cache. Therefore, if the program accesses the same memory locations within a short time interval, data may still reside in cache, and accessing main memory can be avoided.

Examining Figure 3, the row-wise memory access pattern (comparing each point to all other points in the dataset before computing the next row), has poor cache reuse. Observe that for large $N$, after the row corresponding to $p_0$ has computed the data points at the start of the dataset (e.g., $p_0$, $p_1$, $p_2$, $p_3$, $\ldots$) will have been flushed from cache by the time the row corresponding to $p_1$ is to be computed.

A clever trick to improve cache reuse is to tile the computation. Instead of iterating over each row, the data is accessed in 2-D tiles. Therefore, when computing the distances between points, there is a greater chance that data resides in cache and will not need to be accessed in main memory.

Figure 4 shows an example where there are $N=12$ points. The data is no longer accessed in a row-wise fashion. Rather tiles of $3 \times 3$ points are accessed consecutively.

• From Figure 3, when computing each row at a time, $dist(p_0, p_0)$ (on row $p_0$) and $dist(p_1, p_0)$ (on row $p_1$) were $N$ data point pair accesses apart.

• In contrast, using the $3 \times 3$ tile, $dist(p_0, p_0)$ (on row $p_0$) and $dist(p_1, p_0)$ (on row $p_1$) are only 3 data point pair accesses apart (Figure 4). Thus, there is a greater chance that relevant data will reside in cache.

Programming Activity 2

Make a copy of the row-wise distance matrix program. Implement the tiling algorithm described above, where the points assigned to each process rank remains the same. When executing your experiments, use the same guidelines as in Programming Assignment #1 (e.g., compile with -O3, use a single node, use the exclusive flag, etc.).

In your solution, you must perform the following tasks:

• You will experimentally determine a good value for $b$ (values given below).
• We will use a square $b \times b$ tile. However, note that $b$ may not evenly divide $N/p$ (rows) or $N$ (columns). Thus, when the $b \times b$ tile does not evenly divide the rows and columns, dynamically reduce the tile size as appropriate. For example, if $N=8$, then when computing across rows, you will need to reduce the size of tile 2 (see Figure 5).
• Only use $p=20$ process ranks.

In your report, include a Table with the following information. The report must include the tile size $b$ for the values given below, the response time (s), the global sum used for validation, and the job script name that you used to obtain these results. The job script may be the same for all executions. Include all job scripts in the submitted archive. A template table is provided below.

$b$ Time (s) Global Sum Job Script Name (*.sh)
5
100
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000

Using the value of $b$ that yielded the best performance (lowest response time), compute the same table as the row-wise distance calculation. A template table is provided below.

# of Ranks ($p$) Time (s) Parallel Speedup Parallel Efficiency Global Sum Job Script Name (*.sh)
1
4
8
12
16
20

Answer the following questions:

• Q7: When tiling the computation, comparing all values of $b$, does $b=5$ or $b=5000$ achieve the best performance? Why do you think that is?
• Q8: Does tiling the computation improve performance over the original row-wise computation? For $p=20$ process ranks, report the speedup of the tiled solution using the best value of $b$ over the row-wise solution.
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